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Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations. Evidence shows extensive use of technology, literature, legal codes, philosophy, religion, and architecture in these societies. Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is often referred to as the 'cradle of civilization' due to its geographical location. This fertile region, which corresponds to the territory of present-day Iraq, offered ideal conditions for the emergence of the first cities and civilizations. The nutrient-rich soil, irrigated by the rivers, allowed for large-scale agricultural development, essential for the stabilization of the first urban societies. Learn about the first urban civilization in world history, its geography, language, writing, and political development. Explore maps, timelines, and articles on Mesopotamian culture and society. The Civilization of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources.
